To obtain a more diverse dataset of chromosome-level assemblies that fairly represents the known genetic diversity of C.

However, most of these new genomes were highly similar to the reference, as shown by their shared sequence type and conserved structure.

Recent developments in long-read sequencing technologies have increased the availability of chromosome-level genomes, also for C. These issues can severely impact various downstream analyses, such as gene annotation and pan-genome inference, and underscore the need for chromosome-level assemblies. For instance, read mapping only shows variation in genes present in the reference, and results are reference-dependent, while short-read assemblies tend to be fragmented and incomplete.

However, both analyses were based on short-read assemblies or short-read mapping to a single reference genome, which limits analysis in several ways. A more recent analysis of 47 strains consistently found frequent copy number variations in subtelomeric genes. glabrata identified seven genetically divergent clades across 33 global isolates, and uncovered several gross genome rearrangements and strain-specific gene duplications and losses, with most variability affecting subtelomeric genes encoding adhesins. The first population genomics analysis in C. glabrata are encoded within subtelomeric regions, and the cell wall can vary in adhesin content depending on environmental conditions or genetic background. About two-thirds of the adhesin genes in C. Adhesins are large modular proteins whose precursors comprise a secretion signal, a characteristic N-terminal ligand-binding domain, a low-complexity C-terminal domain, and a GPI anchor signal. These analyses uncovered adhesin gene family expansions as the most drastic genomic change underlying the appearance of pathogenicity in the Nakaseomyces clade. The availability of a reference genome has enabled comparative genomics approaches to aid in the identification of virulence factors. These include biofilm formation and adherence to host cells mediated by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall adhesins, the presence of GPI-anchored proteases, or mechanisms to survive the immune system. glabrata are not fully understood, several virulence factors have been identified. glabrata is only distantly related to Candida albicans, and belongs to the Nakaseomyces clade, which is more closely related to the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Adhesin repertoire was established for each strain and showed variability among clades.Ĭandida glabrata is an opportunistic human yeast pathogen of growing medical concern. glabrata has a largely stable pan-genome except for a highly variable subset of genes encoding cell wall-associated functions. Our analysis uncovered four new adhesin orthogroups and inferred a rich ancestral adhesion repertoire, which was subsequently shaped through a still ongoing process of gene loss, gene duplication, and gene conversion.

Using comparative approaches, we inferred variation in chromosome structure and determined the pan-genome, including an analysis of the adhesin gene repertoire. Here, we expanded publicly available assemblies by using long-read sequencing technologies in twelve diverse strains, obtaining a final set of twenty-one chromosome-level genomes spanning the known C. However, the lack of chromosome-level genome assemblies representing this diversity limits our ability to accurately establish how chromosomal structure and gene content vary across strains. Candida glabrata is an opportunistic yeast pathogen thought to have a large genetic and phenotypic diversity and a highly plastic genome.

Dfind old genome assemblies